COSC 1320 Introduction to Computer Science II

Having as many practices as possible is the right way to learn a language!

There is NO lab for this course, so please do compile and modify the provided examples!

Spring 2015

• Instructor: Guoning Chen
• Location: Classroom Business Building (CBB) 104
• Time: Tue/Th. 10am~11:30am
• Office hours: Tue/Th. 11:30am~12:30pm at PGH 566
• TAs:
  • Xifeng Gao office hours: Monday 3-4pm, Friday 1-3pm; Location PGH 301
  • Marzieh Berenjkoub office hours: Tu/Thur 4-6pm; Location PGH 314
  • Lieyu Shi office hours: Tu/Thur 2-4pm; Location PGH 314
• There will be a review section on EVERY FRIDAY from 11:30am to 1pm at room PGH376.

Course summary

This course aims to introduce the students the principles of object-oriented programming with the examples of C++ and Java languages.

The goal is to prepare students with the fundamental programming skills of C++ and Java for the future large-scale OOP tasks.

Prerequisites:

COSC 1410 Introduction to Computer Science I

Textbooks (required):

1) Absolute C++ (5th edt.), 2) Absolute Java (5th edt.), Walter Savitch, Addison-Wesley.

Recommended Reading:

• C++ How to program , 8/e, Deitel and Deitel, 2012, Prentice Hall, ISBN-10: 0132662361 , ISBN-13: 9780132662369
• Java How to Program: Late Objects Version, 8/e, Deitel, 2010 , Prentice Hall,ISBN-10: 0136123716 , ISBN-13: 9780136123712.
• Java Programming: Comprehensive Concepts and Techniques, 3rd Edition
• Shelly, Cashman, Starks, Mick, 2006 Course Technology, a division of Thompson Learning.
• Object-Oriented Software Engineering Using UML, Patterns, and Java, 3/E, Bruegge & Dutoit, 2010, Prentice Hall.ISBN-10: 0136061257, ISBN-13: 9780136061250.

Software and IDE (tutorials should be available in the blackboard learn):

• Microsoft Visual Studio 2012/2010/2008/2005 (for C++ on windows)
• Xcode (for C++ on Mac)
• Eclipse (for Java)
• UML editor (TBA)

Detailed syllabus is also available in the blackboard learn.

Schedule and Materials

Come and visit often as the materials will be updated without notice.

Week 1 (Ch 6~8, except 7.3)

Main goal: review OOP principles, important concepts of class, object, encapsulation, abstract data type (ADT), constructors,

Knowledge points that you should know:

• What is the difference between structured programming and object-oriented programming? (algorithm centric vs. object centric)
• What is a class and its relation to object? (A class is a user-defined type that consists of both member variables and functions. An object of a defined class is its instance or variable)
• How to access member variables and functions? (Define an object and use dot operator "." to access only "public" members)
• How to implement member functions outside of the class body? ( return_type class_name::function_name(argument list) {function body})
• How to use "public" or "private" to limit the access to certain members of a class? and Why? (to achieve encapsulation)
• NOTE THAT the default access without specification is "private" for a class, but "public" for a structure!
• What is an abstract data type (ADT)?
• What does encapsulation mean? (enclose both attributes and behaviors, information and implementation detailed hidden, good interface and comments...)
• Can you tell the difference between structure and class now?
• How to define and initialize an object from a pre-defined class? (class_name object_name(initial parameters);)
• What is the way to define a constructor (pp.276, must have the same name as the class, NO RETURN TYPE)
• What does a constructor do? Can it be defined under a "private" section?
• How many different constructors one class can have? (default constructor, overloaded constructors)
• How to initialize member variables in a constructor? (direct or via an initialization section)
• How to manage dynamic memory allocation? (see the additional examples, new operator)
• Why do we need destructor and how to define it? (~class_name(){body}; NO RETURN TYPE, ARGUMENT LIST IS ALWAYS EMPTY)
• Using "const" in class and define member functions with "const" type. Why do we need that? (pp.295, Do not want a member function to change member variables)
• Using "static" members in class. Why do we need that? (pp.303, All the objects of the class shared one variable, e.g. a token for take or a counter, it is better to be defined as "static")
• Overloaded operator functions. Why do we need that? (pp. 322, apply '-', '+', '>', '==', etc. to objects that are not basic types, pp.343 the rules)
• What is the difference when overloading operator functions as the member functions vs. non-member functions? (one parameter less!)
• operator '=' is overloaded when the member variables have pointer type!
• Friend functions (especially for overloaded operators). How do we define them? Why do we need that? (pp.338, Auto type conversion +Access other class private members directly, not-so encapsulated, though)

Additional examples: (Again, please compile and play with the following examples, try to break the rules and see what would happen!)

An example of course grade for students, cpp1, cpp2, (constructors, destructor, dynamic memory allocation)

An example of a clock class cpp3 (constructors and operator overloading)

An example of car cpp4 (constructors)

A different employee example cpp5 (constructors, destructor, dynamic memory allocation, dynamic creation of objects)

Please be familiar with your selected programming environment. Be sure to compile and execute the examples of the textbook and the course webpage!

Week 2 (Ch.14) Inheritance, UML intro

Main goal: understand the mechanism and benefits of inheritance of OOP, and know how to implement it in C++. Basic knowledge on UML (will get familiar with it through subsequent exercises)

Knowledge points that you should know:

• How to do composition and why it is useful? (To build up complex objects by "compositing" many basic objects, like building a car. In OOP, you use the objects of pre-defined classes as the member variables.)
• How to initialize the composited objects? (see the additional slides in the review of last week)
• What is the inheritance and why is it useful? (see the additional slides below--programming efficiency, software maintenance, resource reuse, etc.)
• What is a base (or super) class and what is a derived class?
• How to specify inheritance relation between classes in C++? (class DerivedClass : <Access> BaseClass)
• What in the base class can be inherited by the derived class? (pp. 620, everything in the public section except constructors, destructor, and assignment operator)
• The member functions of the derived class cannot access all private member variables and functions inherited from the base class!(pp.626)
• Do we need to specify the inherited members from the base class? (No, they are automatically inherited)
• Can we modify (or redefine, or overwrite) the inherited members? (Only the inherited member functions)
• If we modify the types of the inherited variables, it is called hiding not overwriting.
• How can we initialize the inherited member *variables* from the base class in the derived class? (pp. 624, in the constructor, do DerivedClass(argument list) : BaseClass(arguments), ...)
• Can you tell the difference between overwrite and overload a function? (whether the new function has the same argument list with the old one or not)
• What is the UML (Unified Modeling Language)
• What does it do? How can it help clarify and represent different relations of classes?
• What we need at this moment is the inheritance relation and the aggregation relation (e.g. object composition)
• It is a useful tool for software engineering before you actually start coding (and for business management as well!).

Additional materials:

• review of materials in last week (pptx).
• slides for the inheritance (pptx).
• Examples shown in the class (cpp1, cpp2, cpp3)
• A different employee example (cpp4).

Week 3 (Ch.15) Polymorphism and virtual functions

Main goal: Get familiar with the Polymorphism mechanism of OOP and how to achieve that in C++.

Knowledge points that you should know:

• What is a copy constructor of a class (with the form "ClassName(const ClassName & in_obj);". It has to be a reference to the input object!)
• What does a default copy constructor do? (default copy constructor is created implicitly, and it does a member-wise assignment)
• When do you need to explicitly specify a copy constructor? (when there are pointer type of the member variables)
• When will a copy constructor be called? (see the slides)

• What is polymorphism? (same message with different outcomes from different objects, it is typically related to inheritance!)
• Why do we need that? (try to understand the Figure example in the slides)
• Why do we say "polymorphism" can be used to achieve software reuse? (pay attention to the encapsulation principle in the Figure example, try to fix the interface of using certain class and its child classes.)
• How to achieve polymorphism in C++? (there are multiple ways, but at this moment, we focus on the "virtual function")
• How to enable the polymorphism offered by virtual functions? (Use base type of pointers to point to the objects of derived classes)
• How and where to specify virtual functions? (IN THE BASE CLASS, use keyword "virtual" in front of the functions that will be overwritten/redefined in the derived classes)
• How the compiler interpret the virtual functions? (using "LATE BINDING", i.e. the actual function that will be called is determined in run time based on the type of the object)
• How to define a function in the base class that does not have specific implementation? (using pure virtual functions virtual return_type function_name(<argument list>) = 0;)
• How to define an abstract class? (if the class contains at least one pure virtual function, the class will be abstract).

Additional materials:

• review of materials in last week (pptx)
• slides for the copy constructor (pptx)
• slides for the polymorphism (pptx)
• copy constructor example (cpp)
• polymorphism examples, the Figure example (cpp1)
• the Thing/Animal example (cpp2), this example also shows the virtual destructor, remove the keyword "virtual" and see what you will get
• the modified employee (cpp3)
• one simple example of virtual destructor (cpp4)
• an example of pure virtual function and abstract base class (cpp5)

Week 4 (Ch.18) Polymorphism reviews and Exception Handling

Main goal: Get familiar with the exception handling in C++.

Knowledge points that you should know:

• What is the difference between if condition and exception handling? (exception handling separates the "exception" from "normal", but if condition does not)
• What is the benefit of using exception handling? (separate the exception handling code from the normal code)
• How to implement exception handling? (try-throw-catch, i.e. normal code in try, throw exception instance when it is needed, catch the exception instance and process it, change control flow!)
• What can be the types that throw throws (any pre-defined types including complex objects)
• How many parameters can each catch block has? (No more than one! Each catch captures one type of exceptions)
• What should be the order of multiple catch blocks? Why? (More specific exceptions go first, more general exceptions go later because of the automatic type conversion)
• Can we throw an exception inside a function? (Yes) Who is responsible to handle that? (the function's caller where the try-catch blocks are defined.)

Additional materials:

• Lecture slides (exception handling pptx)
• Exception handling examples (cpp1, cpp2)

Week 5 (Ch.16) C++ Template, Mid-term reviews

Main goal: Get familiar with the C++ template mechanism.

Knowledge points that you should know:

• What is the benefit of using template and its relation to polymorphism? (Efficient coding, another form of polymorphism)
• How to define template functions? (using the template prefix template<class T>, here class means "type", T is the parameter whose values are the types, e.g. int, float, char,...)
• How does template work? (create the instance function based on the type of the variable, see slides for detailed explanation via examples)
• What other things need to be aware of when using template functions? (you can have as many the type variables as you want in the template, but each type variable has to be used in the function. Please see slides for more details)
• How to define class template? (template<class T> class class_name{};)
• What is the requirement when defining the member functions of a class template? (use class_name<T>:: in front of each function)
• How to use a class template to create an object? (use class_name<specific type> object_name)
• Can a class template be used to derive new classes? Any things need to be aware of?

Addition materials:

• Lecture slides (C++ templates pptx)
• Template function examples (cpp1, cpp2)
• class templates (ch 7.3 the std::vector example!)

Mid-term exam reviews (pptx)

Week 6 (Mid-term exam 1 and Java introduction)

Mid-term exam 1 on Feb. 24 at CBB 104 from 9:50am-11:20am! The exam will cover all the above knowledge points except UML!

• Background of Java
• You need to install the eclipse IDE, it provides both windows and Mac versions. Do you know how to compile and run a java program in eclipse?
• Make sure you know how to add and delete a class in eclipse. Do you know how to compile and run a java program?
• Is jave an OOP language? (yes, everything is in certain class)
• Why do we say jave code is portable or platform independent? (the compiler does not produce executable file but rather a so-called "java byte code" which can be further interpreted by JVM)
• Why do we need to install a java virtual machine (or JVM)? How does it work? (see above question)
• What is the entrance of a java program and where should we place it? (main() function, it needs to be defined as a "static" function of a class!)
• In what forms your java programs can be run? (either stand alone program or java applet)

Week 7 ( Ch.4, Ch.5, Ch.7, Java class and inheritance)

Main goal: get familiar with the class definition and usage in Java; understand and know how to use inheritance in java

Knowledge points that you should know:

• How did you define a class in Java? any difference from what we did in C++? (everything is class. Be careful the placement of the access modifier)
• Can you have a global variable or function in Java? Why or why not? (No, every variable and function has to be associated with a class, even the basic types of variables)
• How do you create an object using the defined class? (use "new" operator to create an object!)
• Note that there is NO POINTER in Java!
• Do we need constructor for the classes defined in Java? Is it different from C++? (We need constructors. They have the same name to the class name. Their definitions in Java are similar to those in C++)
• When should we add a no-argument constructor? (Note that it is not always automatically added for you! It is recommended to add the no-argument constructor for every class you define.)
• Is there a copy constructor in Java? (Yes)
• Is there a destructor for Java class? (No, Java will collect the released memory for you. However, this still needs to be done carefully.)
• What is the alternative way to initialize a member variable?
• What is the restriction of different access modifier, including "public", "private", and "protected"? (Similar to C++, but need to consider package)
• What is the "package access"? Do you know its difference from "protected"?
• How to use static member variables and functions in Java? (Similar to C++. NOTE that static member function cannot invoke a non-static function!)
• Dose Java support function overloading? How to achieve that? (Yes, Java supports function overloading. You need to have different signatures for the overloading function)
• Does Java support operator overloading? (NO!)
• Do you know the meaning of "equal(Classname objectname)" and "toString()"?

• Why do we need inheritance? (Go back to see the benefit in C++!)
• How to achieve inheritance in Java? (the "extends" keyword, i.e. newClass extends oldClass)
• What can be inherited from in the new class? (all public/protected members; and private member variables although you cannot directly access them by name)
• How to override or redefine an inherited function? (Similar to C++. They need to have exactly the same signature)
• Can one change the return type of an overridden method? (No, except the return type is changed from a base class type to a derived class type)
• Can one change the access modifier of an overridden method? (Yes, but can only make it more accessible, e.g. private -> public, but not public->private)
• How to hide a member variable? (Same in C++)
• Do you know the meaning of "final" members or a "final" class? (They cannot be overridden or used to derive new class!)
• How to call the constructor in the base class to initialize the member variables inherited from the base class? (Use "super" keyword!)
• When and where should you use "super" (It should be the first call in the constructor of the derived class. It can be used to call the base version of a overridden method.)
• Do you know the meaning of "this" keyword? (It is used to call the other constructor in the same class. It also has to be in the first line of the constructor.)
• Do you know the purpose of "Object" class in Java? Can you draw a class diagram of Java classes?
• What are the benefits of using "Object" as the root of all classes in Java?
• Do you know the difference between "is a" and "has a" relation between objects? (Think about inheritance and object composition)
• What is the purpose of the "getClass()" method?
• How to use "instanceof" operator and how is it different from the "getClass()" method?

Additional materials:

Review examples (pptx)

Lecture slides (pptx)

group project (.pdf) (data) due on Thursday (03/12) midnight.

Can you use Java to re-implement what we have done for the inheritance using C++ above?

Week 8 (Ch.8, Ch. 10, Java Polymorphism and File I/O)

Main goal: Review what polymorphism is and why it is useful, learn how to achieve that in Java and how it is different from C++. Understand the concept of Abstract class and interface and their usage. Revisit the File I/O in java.

Knowledge points that you should know:

• What is polymorphism? Can you explain it based on what we learned in C++?
• What is late binding or dynamic binding? Why it is useful?
• What binding scheme is typically used by Java?
• How to achieve polymorphism in Java? How is it different from C++?
• What is an abstract method and an abstract class?
• What is an interface and why is it useful? (An interface is not a class, but rather useful for polymorphism.)
• How to define an interface? (Use keyword "interface", all methods do not have definition. Therefore, an interface does not have any real functionality)
• How to use interface? (Used as the parameter in the argument list of a function. Use to define class)
• How to implement an interface? (Define a class to "implement" the interface)
• Can we derive a new interface from an existing interface? (Yes! We use "interface B extends A1, A2, A3 {}")
• How many interfaces can one class implement? (As many as needed! We use " public class class_name implements inf1, inf2,... {} ")

• What is a stream? What is a byte stream? what is a character stream? (Byte stream inputs and outputs 8-bit bytes.)
• What types of files does a program will typically handle? (ASCII text files and binary files)?
• Do you know how to write to a text file? (Use PrintWriter object, and print() and println() methods)
• How to append to an existing text file? (Use "PrintWriter obj = new PrintWriter (Filename, true);" to open)
• How to close a file? Why do we need to do that? ( writer_or_reader_obj.close(); )
• What exception can be thrown during opening a file to write or read? (FileNotFoundException)
• How to read from a text file using Scanner object? (Use "Scanner StreamObject =new Scanner(new FileInputStream(FileName));" to open a text file to read. )
• What methods can you use to read with a Scanner object? (nextInt(), nextDouble(), nextFloat(), nextLine(), ...)
• How to determine the end of a text file using a Scanner object? (using one of the functions: hasNextInt(), hasNextDouble(), hasNextLine(),...)
• How to read from a text file using a BufferedReader object? (Use "BufferedReader readerObject = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(FileName));" to open a text file to read.)
• What methods can you use to read with a BufferedReader object? (read() or readLine())
• How to determine the end of a text file using a BufferedReader object? (using read(): if return -1; or using readLine(): if return null)
• What is a file path name? When should we explicitly specify the file path?
• Do not forget to import the proper classes to your program.

Additional materials:

Lecture slides (polymorphism pptx) (File_IO pptx)

lecture examples (ex1.zip, ex2.zip, figure_ex.zip)

Spring break (Mar.16~Mar.21)

Week 9(Review and the second Mid-term)

Come to the Tuesday (Mar.24) lecture for a review (review slides pptx, examples ex1, ex2, ex3, ex4).

Mid-term exam 2 on Mar. 26 at CBB 104 from 9:50am-11:20am! The exam will cover all the knowledge points after mid-term exam1.

Week 10 (File I/O continued, Exception Handling)

Main goal: Term project review; Continue file I/O in java, read/write text files, read/write binary files;

Knowledge points that you should know:

• What is a stream? What is an input stream and an output stream?
• Do you know the hierarchies of different stream classes?
• What is the difference between byte stream and character stream?
• What is the difference between a binary file and a text file? How can you tell whether a file is a text file or not?
• How to write to a binary file? (Use "ObjectOutputStream outputStreamName = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(FileName));" to open a binary file to write)
• What methods can you use to write using a ObjectOutputStream object? (writeInt, writeDouble, writeChar, writeBoolean, writeUTF, ...)
• How to read from a binary file? (Use "ObjectInputStream inStreamName = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(FileName));" to open a binary file to read)
• What methods can you use to read using a ObjectInputStream object? (readInt, readDouble, readChar, readBoolean, readUTF,...)
• How to determine the end of a binary file? (Use the "EOFException" exception to end a reading loop)
• Do you know the other way to determine the end of a binary file? (look at the examples provided in the class)
• What is object serialization? Why it is useful?
• How to achieve object serialization? How to output and input the serialized objects to and from binary files?
• Do not forget to import the proper classes to your program.

Term project rules (Important dates: deadline for term project proposal 9am April 9, 2015; deadline for submission of your term project 9am April 23, 2015 before presentation!!!)

Additional materials:

Lecture slides (File_I/O_2.pptx)

Class examples (binary_file_exs, object_serialization_exs)

Week 11 (Exception handling, Swing I)

Main goal: Exception handling in Java; Understand the mechanism of GUI program, even-driven-programming, and the basic model of GUI programming using Swing.

Knowledge points that you should know:

• What is an exception? Why handling them is important?
• What is the difference between an error and an exception?
• What is the format of exception handling? (try-throw-catch trio)
• What can be thrown? (Only the objects of certain exception class)
• Do you know the hierarchy of the exception class? How to define a new exception class?
• What need to be paid attention to when defining a new exception class? (must be a derived class of an existing exception class. typically have at least two constructors. the getMessage() method)
• How many exception can each catch block catch? (Exactly one)
• If we have multiple catch blocks, what need to be paid attention to? (Their ordering)
• How to handle the exceptions that are thrown within a method?
• Do you know the two different ways to handle the exceptions being thrown in a method?
• What is a throw clause and when we need to specify that? (specify in the heading of a method that may throw an exception)
• What need to be aware of when overriding a method that throws some exceptions? (We need to keep the list of exceptions in the throw clause or at least a subset of it)

• What is a GUI program? Why we need it?
• What is the programming style for GUI programs? (event-driven: objects/components fire events; the associated listener objects catch and handle the events.)
• What is the difference between event driven programming and normal programming? (the order of the flow of the program is determined by the events not the logics of the algorithms)
• What is the relation between swing and awt packages? (Swing is built on top of awt but not replace awt. Some classes in awt are useful.)
• What is the basic step of creating a GUI program using Swing? (Create container, set layout manager, add components, associate listeners (need to customize the event handlers), launch the interface)
• What is a container? Can you name a few examples of container object from Swing? (All the classes provided in swing package are derived from the base class Container. So they are containers themselves.)
• What is the out most container of a GUI program using swing? (a custermized JFrame object)
• What is a component? How is it different from the container? (Container can host components, components can be put in a container)
• How to achieve hierarchical interface design? (Containers inside containers, and so on)
• What is a panel? How to create a panel object? (using JPanel object)
• What are the three layout managers that swing provides? (FlowLayout, BorderLayout, and GridLayout)

Additional materials:

Lecture slides ( Exception_Handling_pptx, Java Swing I_pptx)

Class examples (exception_handling_exs)

Examples of Java Swing shown in the class are from textbook

Extra example for the grid layout with borderlines (.java)

A good place to find other swing example [A java swing tutorial (http://zetcode.com/tutorials/javaswingtutorial/)]

Week 12 (Java Swing, continued)

Main goal: continue the introduction of other standard usage of swing package. If you master the basic steps of creating a hierarchical GUI program from the previous lectures, the following will be trivial.

Knowledge points that you should know:

• What is the default layout manager for a JFrame object? (BorderLayout)
• What is the default layout manager for a JPanel object? (FlowLayout)
• What is the general pipeline for implement a GUI program using Java Swing? (Design the "look" of the interface, implement the "action" of the interface, show the interface)
• Given a desired interface, do you know how to choose the appropriate layout manager to achieve the desired layout?
• How to implement the event handler for specific events fired by some interface objects? (Implement the ActionListener interface!)
• Which function in the ActionListerner interface must be implemented? (public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e))
• How to distinguish the events fired by different interface objects? (using the action command string, which can be retrieved using String getActionCommand() function)
• Can you change the action command string for an interface object? How? (using setActionCommand(String s) function)
• How can we add a menu bar to the interface? (using JMenuBar class)
• How to create a menu and how to add different choices to the menu? (using JMenu class to create a menu object, then create and add different menu items using JMenuItem class)
• Do you know how to create nested menu?
• What is a text field and how to insert it to the interface? (using JTextField class)
• Do you know how to set the width of the text field?
• What is a text area and how is it different from a text field? (it enables the input of multiple lines, using JTextArea class)
• How to use scroll bar in combination with JTextArea objects?
• What is an icon? (a small picture associated with an ImageIcon object)
• Do you know how to insert icons to your interface?
• What is a window listener? (an object that can handle window events)
• Do you know how to use window listeners?

Additional materials:

slides (pptx)

Week 13 (Java Interfaces and Inner Classes)

Main goal: revisit Java interfaces, get familiar with a number of useful interfaces, learn how to utilize the mechanism of inner class.

Knowledge points that you should know:

• What is a java interface? How is it related to java class?
• What is the benefit of using interfaces?
• An interface is NOT a class but is a type.
• An interface can extend (or inherit from) the other interface.
• All the methods in an interface are public .
• A class can "implements" one or more interfaces at the same time.
• The class that implements some interfaces will be an abstract class if it does not provide the function bodies for the methods of those interfaces.
• An interface cannot have instance variables, but it can have constant variables.
• Why do we need the Serializable interface? How about the Cloneable interface?
• What is an inner class and an outer class?
• How many .class files will be generated when compiling a class that contains some inner classes?
• How to access the public inner classes?

Additional materials:

slides (pptx)

Student Term Porject Presentations:

First place: Group 9-1 (Aaron Johnson) Graph

Second place: Group 13 (Gjvon Graves, Vicki Lee, Hejal Soni) Graph

Third place: Group 4 (Darya Balybina, Thomas Doyle) Sudoku

Congratulations!

Week 14 (Term Porject Presentation)

Final exam will be on May 14 at CBB 104 from 11:00am-2:00pm! The exam will cover all the material of Java (NO C++ content).

The following provides an overview of the Java content we have covered in the class

slides (pptx), over view examples (.zip)

Links to valuable C++ programming resources:

• C++ .com: A great online reference cite for all of your C++ needs.
• http://www.cppreference.com/wiki/: Another handy C++ reference.
• C++ FAQ: A great source of answers to frequently asked C+ questions
• cppreference.com
• cplusplus.com
• A simple way to start C++: https://developers.google.com/edu/c++/

Links to valuable Java programming resources:

• Java coding examples (http://www.java-examples.com/)
• A java swing tutorial (http://zetcode.com/tutorials/javaswingtutorial/)
• painting in java (http://zetcode.com/tutorials/javaswingtutorial/painting/)
• Using OpenGL with java (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_OpenGL; http://jogamp.org/jogl/www/)